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Baldur's Gate 3 uses the game mechanics of the tabletop roleplaying system Dungeons and Dragons Fifth Edition. One of these mechanics is the damage system, which sorts all possible sources of harm into 13 categories.
The reason this matters is the fact that each creature and object in Baldur's Gate 3 can respond differently to each type of damage. For instance, a magma mephit is made up of superheated stone, and so fire damage does nothing to them. If players want to maximize their damage output, they should pay close attention to what kinds of damage they're dealing and how their targets respond to each damage type.